China

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China Advances Service Trade Reforms and Intensifies International Investment Engagement with 2025 Trade Fairs

Aug. 28, 2025 | Competitiveness

China is accelerating reforms and hosting major trade fairs to strengthen its service trade and attract international investment.

**Premier Li Qiang stressed that high-quality development in China’s service trade will anchor the country’s standing among leading global trading nations and support a higher-standard open economic system.**
He called for innovation in service trade amid shifting external conditions and ongoing domestic industrial restructuring, urging the proactive import of premium services and the systematic upgrade of domestic service industries through high-standard opening-up measures.

**To support these goals, authorities will streamline cross-border capital management and facilitate orderly data flows.**
They plan to accelerate institutional reform in service trade, boost the international competitiveness of service exports, and promote integrated export models that combine goods and services to enhance overall value addition.

**The government will expand service exports into emerging fields and foster new business models such as digital service trade.**
It will leverage China’s distinctive service sectors to create premium brands for overseas markets and introduce visa-free policies to draw foreign visitors, thereby stimulating consumption and extending the global reach of Chinese services.

**The 25th China International Fair for Investment & Trade (CIFIT) will run from September 8 to 11, 2025, in Xiamen, Fujian Province, across roughly 120,000 square meters.**
The event will feature over 70 investment-themed activities and more than 100 project roadshows. The United Kingdom will serve as guest country of honor, sending a delegation of nearly 200 government, business, and industry association figures. More than 110 countries, regions, and international organizations have registered, with 51 hosting national pavilions—including Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Uzbekistan, Serbia, Hungary, Slovenia, and Thailand—and 77 Belt and Road Initiative economies participating to deepen cooperation. Nearly 100 multinational corporations from key sectors and senior representatives from sovereign wealth funds and international investment institutions will also attend.

**Alongside large-scale events, China’s opening-up measures include expanding pilot programs in telecommunications, biotechnology, and wholly foreign-owned medical facilities to ensure that foreign-invested enterprises receive national treatment.**
These reforms, together with high-quality industrial upgrading and robust consumer demand, have supported stable inflows of foreign capital. From January to July 2024, foreign direct investment in China’s manufacturing sector reached 121.04 billion yuan, while the service sector attracted 336.25 billion yuan. High-tech industries drew 137.36 billion yuan, with e-commerce services up 146.8 percent and aerospace equipment manufacturing up 42.2 percent year-on-year. Investments from Switzerland, Japan, and the UK rose by 63.9 percent, 53.7 percent, and 19.5 percent, respectively.

**This environment has attracted strong corporate engagement.**
PwC plans to focus on risk mitigation for companies expanding globally, emphasizing China’s evolving role in the global innovation ecosystem and its capacity to channel international capital into domestic projects. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. is aligning its strategy with China’s automotive transformation, targeting electric vehicle and luxury segments in line with national development priorities.

**In Beijing, Pu Xuedong of the Municipal Commerce Bureau outlined preparations for the 2025 Service Trade Fair at Shougang Park.**
The venue will feature six registration halls, expanded park entrances, 19 public parking lots, multiple ride-hailing pickup points, and dedicated parking for electric vehicles and shared bicycles. Free shuttle buses, sightseeing routes, and electric carts will circulate inside and outside the park, supported by crowd-flow monitoring, intelligent stop announcements, parking navigation, and capacity-viewing services.

**Dining arrangements now accommodate more than 12,000 seats for nearly 40,000 diners simultaneously, with outdoor sun-protected areas and a variety of halls housing supermarkets, hotels, specialty restaurants, and well-known catering brands.**
Organizers have increased guidance and signage by 60 percent, set up six volunteer service stations, and opened six official outlets for cultural and creative souvenirs. Ticketing has been digitized across multiple platforms for same-day booking, and the business meeting function now allows exhibitors and visitors to send “one-click invitations” for face-to-face negotiations in dedicated areas, complete with on-site coffee, snacks, and translation services.

### IMPACT ANALYSIS
**From this Development, various impacts could cascade through the system, to a lesser or greater extent, depending on the severity and criticality of the shocks.**

Domain	Causal Chain	Possible Outcome
Financial System	(Financial-market openness ↑ → Cross-border portfolio flows ↑ → FDI net inflow (% GDP) ↑ → Foreign-owned greenfield project count ↑)	China will see a measurable rise in the number and value of foreign-owned greenfield manufacturing and service projects.
Competitiveness	(Regulatory-quality & red-tape index ↑ → Regulatory-approval lead time (days) ↓ → FDI net inflow (% GDP) ↑ → Foreign-owned greenfield project count ↑)	Faster, more transparent approvals will drive a surge in foreign greenfield investments, especially in sectors previously hindered by red tape.
Competitiveness	(Trade-facilitation implementation gap ↓ → Customs compliance cost per shipment ↓ → Export order book ↑ → Export market-share of domestic firms ↑)	Reduced trade costs and improved logistics will boost export orders, raising domestic firms’ share in global markets.
Technology & Innovation	(Innovation-ecosystem robustness ↑ → University tech-transfer licence revenue ↑ → Patent-to-product conversion rate ↑ → High-tech export volume surprise ↑)	Stronger tech transfer will increase patent commercialization, leading to unexpected jumps in high-tech export volumes.
Macroeconomics & Growth	(Market-size and demand potential ↑ → Business-confidence surveys ↑ → Private fixed-investment growth ↑ → Potential GDP growth revision ↑)	Higher business confidence will spur private fixed investment, prompting upward revisions to potential GDP growth forecasts.
Competitiveness	(Digital-services export restrictiveness index ↓ → Technology FDI inflow ↑ → Venture-capital deal flow growth ↑ → Unicorn density ↑)	Eased digital-export rules will attract tech FDI and boost venture-capital activity, increasing the density of unicorn startups.
Competitiveness	(Intangible-asset investment ratio ↑ → Digital & knowledge-intensive industry share of GDP ↑ → Total-factor productivity growth from tech ↑ → High-value-added export share ↑)	Rising intangible investment and tech-driven productivity growth will shift exports toward higher-value-added goods and services.
Households	(Market-size and demand potential ↑ → Consumer-confidence diffusion index ↑ → Household consumption growth contribution to GDP ↑ → Real GDP growth ↑)	Stronger consumer confidence will lift household spending, driving a direct boost to real GDP growth.

### BOTTOM LINE

- China is accelerating high‑level service‑trade reforms, expanding national‑treatment pilot programs for telecom, biotech, and wholly foreign‑owned medical facilities, promoting integrated goods‑plus‑services exports, liberalizing cross‑border capital and data flows, and staging large international fairs (CIFIT and the Service Trade Fair) to deepen overseas investment and partnerships, which together are designed to raise the international competitiveness of Chinese service exports and attract more foreign capital.

- The rapid rise in FDI into services and high‑tech sectors (service-sector FDI nearly three times manufacturing in Jan–Jul 2024, e‑commerce up 146.8%) will almost certainly translate into more foreign‑owned greenfield projects and expanded tech partnerships in mainland China, with knock‑on increases in university licensing, joint‑R&D, and skilled employment in services and advanced manufacturing.

- Granting national treatment to foreign entrants in medical, telecom, and biotech sectors will lower entry costs and accelerate technology transfer and platform deployment, while also intensifying competition for domestic incumbents and prompting closer scrutiny by regulators and state actors on data, IP, and national‑security grounds.

- Visa‑free entry for targeted nationals and a push to build “premium Chinese service” brands will likely boost inbound tourism, foreign consumption, and cross‑border education/healthcare flows, increasing near‑term household spending and providing a practical channel for service exports to capture real foreign revenue and brand recognition.

- Systematically bundling services with goods (after‑sales digital platforms, financing, training, maintenance) will push firms to reallocate investment toward intangible assets, raise the value‑added content of exports, and increase total‑factor productivity in knowledge‑intensive sectors, even as some traditional low‑margin manufacturing exporters face margin pressure and must upgrade or specialize.

- The major trade fairs and targeted investment events (CIFIT, Service Trade Fair) will act as force multipliers for deal flow and network formation: expect a measurable uptick in project roadshows converting to MOUs and investment commitments, elevated participation from sovereign wealth funds and multinationals, and increased bilateral commercial ties (e.g., stronger UK‑China business linkages via guest‑of‑honor participation).

- Key causal chains to monitor are: (Financial‑market openness ↑ → cross‑border portfolio flows ↑ → FDI net inflow (% GDP) ↑ → foreign greenfield projects ↑); (Regulatory quality & red‑tape ↓ → approval lead times ↓ → FDI inflows ↑ → project starts ↑); (Trade‑facilitation gaps ↓ → per‑shipment compliance costs ↓ → export order books ↑ → global market share ↑); and (Digital‑services restrictiveness ↓ → tech FDI ↑ → VC deal flow ↑ → unicorn density ↑), all of which are realistic short‑to‑medium‑term transmission mechanisms from the policy changes to economic outcomes.

- Reasonable near‑term risks include renewed geopolitical and regulatory countermeasures from other major economies (targeted export controls, investment screening or delisting risk), episodic capital‑flow volatility if portfolio flows surge, and domestic friction as incumbent firms adapt to heightened foreign competition; these risks can blunt the gains from openness unless paired with clearer rules on data, IP, and security.

- Practical steps for foreign investors are to prioritize pilot sectors with national‑treatment access, use the 2025 fairs to accelerate deal pipelines and JV sourcing, strengthen IP and data‑governance protections in contracts, and hedge regulatory and currency risks while considering greenfield projects in service hubs where approvals and support are advertised.

- Practical steps for Chinese companies and policymakers are to accelerate intangible‑asset investment (R&D, software, brand), deepen cooperation between universities and industry to convert patents into products, sequence broader openness with targeted safeguards on data flows and critical infrastructure, and monitor capital‑flow indicators to deploy macroprudential tools if inflows become disorderly.

- Trackable indicators that will signal whether these reforms are producing the expected outcomes are quarterly FDI flows by sector and country of origin, counts and capital value of foreign greenfield projects, regulatory approval lead times and pilot expansions, digital‑service export volumes, university tech‑transfer revenues, inbound visitor counts under visa‑free regimes, and the number/value of MOUs or signed deals emanating from CIFIT/Service Trade Fair events.

Widespread Emergency Actions as Torrential Rain Triggers Flood Responses in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

Aug. 28, 2025 | Environment

Heavy rainfall in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has prompted upgraded flood-control measures and widespread emergency responses across multiple provinces.

**On August 26, at 4:30 p.m., Beijing’s municipal government raised its flood-control emergency response from Level III to Level II, following an orange rainstorm alert issued citywide at 4 p.m.**
The municipal meteorological observatory forecasted that from Tuesday night to Wednesday night some areas could receive over 70 mm of rain within six hours, more than 100 mm within 24 hours, and in certain districts peaks might exceed 200 mm. Authorities issued red rainstorm alerts for Fangshan, Mentougou, Huairou, Changping, and Yanqing districts, and orange mountain-torrent warnings for these and other mountainous areas at risk of landslides, debris flows, and flash floods. Neighboring Hebei province simultaneously issued an orange rainstorm alert and activated its Level III flood-control response.

**By 7 p.m. on August 26, authorities had relocated 58,000 residents from high-risk areas, closed 352 mountain-torrent channels and 165 scenic spots, and shuttered 4,682 guesthouses and 256 campsites.**
They suspended work at 3,259 construction sites and deployed communication systems including satellite phones and drones, while pre-positioning heavy machinery, life jackets, and other emergency equipment. Nearly 200,000 government and emergency-service personnel stood ready to manage flood control, search and rescue, and public safety operations. Major tourist destinations—including Fragrant Hill, the National Botanical Garden, Yuyuantan Park, and the Mutianyu section of the Great Wall—along with parks, forests, rural homestays, and campsites, remained closed, and officials evacuated visitors or denied entry.

**Residents in districts under a Level I emergency response—Mentougou, Fangshan, Changping, Huairou, and Yanqing—should limit travel, avoid flooded roads, and follow safety instructions.**
Authorities suspended non-essential enterprises, institutions, schools, training centers, and cultural, sports, and educational activities. In Level II areas, they recommended reducing outings, implementing flexible work and class schedules, halting outdoor events, and maintaining the suspension of construction and tourism activities, while continuing evacuations where necessary. Traffic controls, including potential suspensions of urban public transport and suburban railway lines, aimed to prevent vehicles from entering flooded or high-risk zones. For urgent assistance, residents could call 110 or 119.

**On August 26 the Ministry of Transport activated a Level III defense response, focusing on proactive flood defenses along national and provincial highways.**
By 7 a.m., nine highway sections across Shanxi, Yunnan, Gansu, and Qinghai fell under proactive defense control. Ministry leaders coordinated with transport authorities in Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Sichuan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Hainan to reinforce alertness, deploy resources in line with forecasts, and implement a “call-and-respond” warning mechanism. They prioritized safe and orderly transportation by scheduling night closures and strict access controls on road sections under red and orange warnings.

**The Inner Mongolia Department of Transportation increased patrols and proactive defenses using the “call-and-respond” mechanism, conducting special inspections and post-rain checks at 68 critical infrastructure points—including bridges, tunnels, slopes, and mountain roads—and suspending two construction projects based on risk assessments.**
The Shaanxi Department of Transportation inspected 58 highway sections under red and orange warnings every two hours and deemed five sections impassable, imposing control measures. The Shanxi Department of Transportation sealed expressways in Taiyuan, Jinzhong, Lvliang, and Changzhi, halted traffic, and ordered evacuations, maintaining vehicle-type controls amid ongoing rainfall threats.

**The Central Meteorological Observatory issued a yellow rainstorm warning for the northern region, and Beijing’s Municipal Commission of Planning and Natural Resources and meteorological bureau issued an orange geological-hazard alert for Fangshan and Mentougou, citing high risks of landslides and mudslides, with moderate to elevated risks in northwestern districts.**
As floodwaters threaten low-lying roads and underpasses—particularly during rush hours—authorities urged residents, especially in high-risk areas, to evacuate promptly and to remain indoors unless movement is necessary for safety.

### IMPACT ANALYSIS
**From this Development, various impacts could cascade through the system, to a lesser or greater extent, depending on the severity and criticality of the shocks.**

Domain	Causal Chain	Possible Outcome
Governance & Law	(Emergency-powers statute checks ↓ → Executive-decree issuance frequency ↑ → Policy-uncertainty index deviation ↑ → Investment rate (% GDP) ↓)	Reduced oversight and frequent executive decrees raise policy uncertainty and depress the national investment-to-GDP ratio.
Societal Resilience	(Disaster-risk-reduction spending share ↑ → Infrastructure-resilience score ↑ → Flood-damage cost (% GDP) ↓ → GDP per-capita & convergence speed ↑)	Stronger flood defenses cut damage costs and accelerate per-capita GDP growth and convergence toward wealthier regions.
Societal Resilience	(Critical-infrastructure redundancy ratio ↑ → Essential-service outage frequency ↓ → Post-disaster service-restoration time ↓ → Crisis-compliance behaviour ↑)	Enhanced redundancy shortens outages and recovery times, boosting community compliance with emergency directives.
Societal Resilience	(Public-space & community-centre spending ↑ → Community-volunteer participation rate ↑ → Social-trust index ↑ → Volunteerism rate trend ↑)	Investments in public spaces increase volunteer participation and social trust, driving sustained growth in volunteerism.
Societal Resilience	(Social-safety-net adequacy ↑ → Safety-net utilisation surge ↓ → Crisis-induced poverty delta ↓ → Well-being bounce-back score ↑)	A more robust safety net limits poverty spikes during crises and speeds households’ well-being recovery.
Health	(Emergency-preparedness & stockpile strategy ↑ → Average emergency-room wait time ↓ → ICU capacity breach duration ↓ → All-cause mortality deviation ↓)	Improved preparedness and stockpiles shorten ER waits and ICU strain, reducing excess all-cause mortality.
Geopolitics & Defense	(Civil-defense & societal-resilience funding ↑ → Forward-deployed troop surge ↓ → Displacement absorption capacity ↑ → Forced displacement flow ↓)	Stronger civil-defense funding cuts military deployments and lowers forced displacement flows.
Infrastructure & Urbanization	(Disaster-resilient infrastructure standards ↑ → Utility service interruption frequency ↓ → Infrastructure-resilience score ↑ → Urban productivity premium ↑)	Stricter infrastructure standards reduce service interruptions and enhance resilience, boosting the urban productivity premium.
Transportation & Logistics	(Disaster-resilient transport design codes ↑ → Supply-chain disruption days per year ↓ → Logistics cost-to-sales ratio shift ↓ → Export market-share of domestic firms ↑)	Flood-proof transport codes shrink disruption days and logistics costs, enabling domestic firms to gain export market share.
Transportation & Logistics	(National truck-driver availability ratio ↑ → Truck turn-round time at distribution centres ↓ → Door-to-door export lead time (days) ↓ → Export market-share of domestic firms ↑)	Greater truck-driver availability speeds distribution and export lead times, helping domestic exporters recover market share.

### BOTTOM LINE

- Heavy, localized downpours and forecasts of up to 200+ mm in parts of Beijing triggered an expedited Level II municipal emergency response, which directly produced widespread evacuations (58,000 people), closures of tourist and leisure sites, and suspension of thousands of construction sites; the most likely near-term consequence is substantially reduced casualties and landslide incidents at the cost of acute disruption to housing, tourism, and construction activity, so authorities should keep shelters open, maintain clear evacuation-to-reintegration timetables, and publish real-time shelter occupancy and assistance hotlines to minimize secondary harm and confusion.

- Activation of a national Level III transport defense and coordinated “call-and-respond” controls on highways caused preemptive sealing of expressways and night closures across multiple provinces, producing immediate freight route fragmentation and delivery delays; logistics operators should re-route priority shipments, pre-position critical inventory where possible, notify customers of revised ETAs, and coordinate driver pooling with authorities to reduce supply-chain bottlenecks.

- Mandatory suspension of non-essential enterprises, schools, and public events in Level I/II zones will create a short-term drop in labor hours, retail foot traffic, and tourism revenue (e.g., closures at Fragrant Hill and Mutianyu Great Wall); municipal governments and employers should activate flexible payroll support, targeted tax deferrals or emergency grants for small tourism and hospitality firms, and rapid education continuity plans (remote instruction or pause-and-catchup schedules) to limit persistent income loss and learning setbacks.

- The rapid, top-down invocation of emergency powers and frequent executive decrees raise short-term regulatory unpredictability that may cause some firms to delay investment decisions; to blunt this effect and preserve investor confidence, provincial and municipal authorities should publish clear, time-bound criteria for emergency measures and a public recovery roadmap (including reopening thresholds and compensation rules) to reduce policy uncertainty that can depress investment.

- Flooding of low-lying roads, underpasses, and mountain-torrent channels has exposed design and drainage weaknesses that link directly to recurring transport closures and utility interruptions; the most likely medium-term response is accelerated upgrades to drainage, elevated road design, and redundancy projects, so planners should prioritize inspections of critical infrastructure (bridges, tunnels, slopes), fast-track cost-benefit scoring of upgrades, and earmark emergency resilience funding to the highest-failure-risk corridors.

- The mobilization of nearly 200,000 government and emergency personnel together with pre-positioned heavy machinery, drones, and satellite communications demonstrates operational capacity but also reveals reliance on large deployments; expect a policy shift toward expanded civil-defense budgets, volunteer training, and equipment stockpiles, and implement immediate after-action reviews to identify gaps in command-and-control, interagency communications, and shelter supply chains to improve future response efficiency.

- Pre-deployed life-saving equipment and logistics support lower the probability of prolonged overloads at emergency rooms and ICUs during flood-related injuries, but mass relocations and temporary shelters increase the risk of communicable disease spread and mental-health strain; health authorities should deploy mobile clinics, prioritize trauma triage capacity, maintain vaccine and hygiene supplies at shelters, and set up mental-health hotlines to reduce secondary morbidity.

- Relocation of 58,000 residents and closures of thousands of guesthouses and campsites will place near-term pressure on emergency housing, social-welfare payments, and informal livelihoods, creating the risk that vulnerable households experience deeper income shocks; administrators should fast-track emergency cash transfers, simplify documentation for benefits, coordinate with civil-society providers, and monitor recovery indicators for disadvantaged neighborhoods to prevent protracted displacement.

- The visible disruption to highways and freight corridors will likely incentivize reforms in transport design standards and logistics planning that, if implemented, can reduce average annual supply-chain disruption days and logistics cost-to-sales ratios; to realize that benefit, national and provincial transport agencies should adopt standardized flood-resilience design codes, prioritize investments for major export-linked corridors, and create measurable milestones so businesses can plan procurement and routing with greater certainty.

- The combination of immediate economic losses (tourism, construction stoppages) and increased public spending on emergency response creates a practical trade-off: fiscal pressure in the short term but a political and technical rationale for reallocating capital toward resilience; finance ministries and city planners should publish a prioritized resilience investment plan with transparent financing options (municipal bonds, central transfers, public–private partnerships) to ensure spending reduces recurring disruption without producing protracted budgetary uncertainty.

Monitored Intelligence for China - Aug. 29, 2025

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PetroChina’s Earnings Drop for First Time in Five Years After Prices and Sales Fall

Yicai Global | English | News | Aug. 29, 2025 | UndeterminedOperating Results

PetroChina reported a 5.4 percent decline in net profit to CNY84 billion (USD11.7 billion) for the first half of 2025, marking its first earnings drop in five years. Revenue also fell 6.7 percent to CNY1.45 trillion (USD202.7 billion) due to a slump in crude oil and fuel prices and weaker sales of key products such as polypropylene, gasoline, and diesel. The average price of six major products, including kerosene, crude oil, diesel, and gas, declined, with crude oil prices falling 12.3 percent to CNY3,690 (USD515) per ton and diesel prices dropping 9.4 percent to CNY6,213 (USD870) per ton. PetroChina’s shares decreased by 1.6 percent in Shanghai and 0.5 percent in Hong Kong following the earnings report.

Looking ahead, PetroChina anticipates continued international crude oil oversupply in the second half of 2025, which is expected to keep global oil prices pressured. The Chinese refined oil market will face ongoing competition from alternative energy sources, although natural gas demand is projected to recover rapidly. In response, PetroChina plans to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of its traditional businesses while strategically expanding into new energy and new materials sectors. The company also intends to develop its vehicle charging and battery-swapping services further and enhance coordination across its business lines.

In a related move, PetroChina’s subsidiary PetroChina Taihu Beijing Investment announced plans to establish three joint ventures to acquire controlling stakes in Xinjiang Gas Storage, Xiangguosi Gas Storage, and Liaohe Gas Storage for a combined total of CNY40.1 billion (USD5.8 billion). These acquisitions aim to consolidate and optimize PetroChina’s natural gas storage assets, adding 10.97 billion cubic meters of working gas storage capacity. The company expects this expansion to improve its storage flexibility and support the stable operation and growth of its natural gas supply chain.

China to promote high-quality development of satellite communication industry

Xinhua | English | News | Aug. 29, 2025 | UndeterminedTech Development/Adoption

China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has introduced guidelines to promote high-quality development in the satellite communication industry by optimizing business access. The initiative focuses on launching satellite communication services, encouraging innovation within the commercial space sector, and driving new productivity factors to support China’s goals of becoming a manufacturing and cyber power and advancing its Digital China strategy.

By 2030, China plans to refine its management system, policies, and regulations surrounding satellite communication while improving the industrial environment and promoting integrated development across infrastructure, industrial supply, technical standards, and international cooperation. The guidelines prioritize the widespread adoption of new business models such as direct satellite connection for mobile phones, targeting over 10 million satellite communication users.

The guidelines emphasize accelerated development of low-orbit satellite internet, the application of satellite connections in mobile and terminal devices, and the expansion of market access for private enterprises. They also promote the use of satellite communication across various sectors including agriculture, transportation, energy, and urban governance. Furthermore, the guidelines support integrating satellite communication with next-generation information infrastructure like the industrial internet, vehicle networking, and air-borne communications, while advancing key technologies, an open standards system, and a collaborative industrial ecosystem.

Diokno urges Philippines to rejoin ICC to counter China's aggression

The Manila Times | English | News | Aug. 29, 2025 | Geopolitical Conflict and Disputes

AKBAYAN Rep. Chel Diokno has called on the Philippine government to rejoin the International Criminal Court (ICC) to address China’s aggression in the West Philippine Sea (WPS). He emphasized that, as a member of the ICC, the Philippines could file cases of crimes of aggression against other countries if incidents occur within its territory. Diokno’s appeal comes after President Rodrigo Duterte withdrew the Philippines from the ICC in 2019 following its investigation into Duterte’s drug war.

Alongside this, Diokno and 16 other lawmakers filed a resolution urging the executive branch to prompt the United Nations General Assembly to pressure China to respect the 2016 arbitral ruling and halt its hostile actions in the WPS. On July 9, Diokno and Akbayan party members also introduced House Bills 1625 and 1626. HB 1625 would mandate the teaching of WPS history and geography in schools, while HB 1626 seeks to establish July 12 as National West Philippine Sea Victory Day to commemorate the Philippines’ legal victory over China’s nine-dash line claim, as ruled by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 2016.

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